The study nucleoti de substitution is very important both to our understanding of gene evolution and to reliable estimation of phylogenetic relationships. In this paper nucleotide substitution is assumed to be random and the Markov model is applied to the study of the evolution of genes. Then a non-...

In networks, the stable path problem (SPP) usually results in oscillations in interdomain systems and may cause systems to become unstable. With the rapid development of internet technology, the occurrence of SPPs in interdomain systems has quite recently become a significant focus of research. A fr...

The increased use of information technologies has led to more research on information technology/information system (IT/IS) adoption and decision-making behavior in small businesses to improve information utilization. This paper presents an extensive review of the literature on IT/IS adoption to ide...

In order to meet the demand of testability analysis and evaluation for complex equipment under a small sample test in the equipment life cycle, the hierarchical hybrid testability modeling and evaluation method (HHTME), which combines the testability structure model (TSM) with the testability Bayesi...

Partial cooperation formulation is a more viable option than optimistic's and pessimistic's to solve an ill-posed bilevel programming problem. Aboussoror's partial cooperation model uses a constant as a cooperation index to describe the degree of follower's cooperation. The constant only indicates t...