The study nucleoti de substitution is very important both to our understanding of gene evolution and to reliable estimation of phylogenetic relationships. In this paper nucleotide substitution is assumed to be random and the Markov model is applied to the study of the evolution of genes. Then a non-...

The S100 family is a class of calcium-regulated proteins with EF-hand. They are widely distributed and are implicated in diverse intracellular and extracellular physiological processes. A study of the S100 family using computational biology methods such as multiple sequence alignment, structural ali...

The concept of Cooperative Work Environment (CWE) is introduced. Three key elements of CWE, inforrration integration, process integration, and organization integration, are analysed. An application framework of CWE is prcoosed and with this framework a CE CWE based on Lotus Notes/Domino and Intel Pr...

The epitope ELDKWA, which is located in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41, is an important neutralizing epitope. The human monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2F5 against this epitope shows broad neutralizing activity toward many HIV strains. However, several reports have shown that t...

Ontology evolution is the timely adaptation of ontologies to changing requirements, which is becoming more and more important as ontologies become widely used in different fields. This paper shows how to address the problem of evolving ontologies with less manual case-based reasoning using an automa...