3-D surface morphology measurements of compact graphite irons were used to analyze the fractal characteristics of the surfaces to relate the dry sliding surface morphology to the fractal dimension. The measurements show that the fractal dimensions (Df) of the sliding surfaces vary from 1 ...

The study nucleoti de substitution is very important both to our understanding of gene evolution and to reliable estimation of phylogenetic relationships. In this paper nucleotide substitution is assumed to be random and the Markov model is applied to the study of the evolution of genes. Then a non-...

The concept of Cooperative Work Environment (CWE) is introduced. Three key elements of CWE, inforrration integration, process integration, and organization integration, are analysed. An application framework of CWE is prcoosed and with this framework a CE CWE based on Lotus Notes/Domino and Intel Pr...

In this paper, an evolving system is introduced. That any system is evolving means that any entity in the system is in developing state and entities compete with each other. Any entity can be represented by development of the entity and its environment consisting of a closed cycle. Any subsystem is ...